A refined sample treatment method efficiently removed vegetable-derived qPCR inhibitors, allowing for STEC detection in spiked ready-to-eat salad samples within a single workday, approximately five hours, with a well-defined limit of detection.High diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were confirmed by the 87 CFU/25g result. Positive results were obtained when the method was applied to samples exhibiting cold stress in bacteria, further confirming its suitability.The first instance of COFs being used for both DNA extraction and purification was successfully demonstrated. Future improvements in these materials' performance are anticipated, contingent upon adjustments in pore size or incorporating magnetic materials, owing to their tunable properties. Complementing the prior point, the rapidly and economically developed sample treatment methodology proved appropriate for rapidly screening STEC in vegetable specimens.A novel method for DNA extraction and purification, employing COFs, was demonstrated for the first time. These materials' tunability promises future enhancements in performance, achievable through adjustments in pore size or incorporating magnetic properties. The newly designed, cost-effective, and fast sample treatment procedure successfully demonstrated its applicability for a rapid screening process of STEC-infected vegetable samples.The safety of food is one of the most significant public health issues. Consequently, a necessity exists for the development of ultra-sensitive detection methodologies for analytes at ultra-trace levels. The bio-barcode assay (BCA), an effective ultrasensitive detection method, has been prominent in recent years due to its reliance on the indirect amplification of diverse DNA probes. A thorough compilation of the development in fluorescence, PCR, and colorimetric BCA techniques for the detection of contaminants, such as pathogenic bacteria, toxins, pesticides, antibiotics, and other chemical agents within food, is presented in this review, referencing over 120 research publications. This paper also examines current obstacles, including protracted experimentation and demanding storage conditions, and the future applicability of BCA in both biomedical and environmental analytical contexts.Employing 3D printing and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology in a straightforward and rapid manner, the paper describes a method for constructing multipurpose milli/microfluidic devices. In its dual capacity as both an energy harvester and a sensor, the proposed liquid-solid TENG device is flexible in operational modes. Consequently, a novel ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)-based millifluidic pH sensor, employing zinc oxide nanosheets, is constructed to demonstrate the versatile application of this common device, and its performance is evaluated and contrasted with existing electrochemical pH sensors. High levels of oxygen vacancies within the highly crystalline nanosheets, aligned parallel to the (103) plane, contribute to significant surface charge accumulation at the nanosheet-aqueous solution interface, resulting in the triboelectric sensor's exceptional sensitivity. Appropriate geometry, TENG operational modes, and material selection result in an optimized millichannel, enhancing its sensing surface area, flow rate, and hydrophobicity properties. The quasi-single-electrode mode TENG, despite a higher response (812 Nernst limit), found itself outperformed by the quasi-contact-separation configuration (414 Nernst limit) in terms of linearity, stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and reliability, as indicated by an R2 value of 9893%, drift rate of 13 mV/h, relative standard deviation (RSD) of 123% in the third hysteresis loop, 224%, and a maximum standard error of 0.2 pH units across multiple trials in the 2-13 pH range. Self-powering, user-friendly operation, and biocompatibility, combined with the time- and cost-effectiveness and portability of the device, offer significant potential for the development of practical real-life and point-of-care devices of the next generation.The detection of hazardous substances is proposed using a method of luminol-diazonium chemiluminescence (CL) initiated by microplasma. It is the microplasma jet, and not hydrogen peroxide or other oxidizing agents, that creates the luminol-diazonium CL. A higher concentration of nitrites induces a greater CL intensity. Based on the interplay between microplasma generation and the CL mechanism, the method's ideal operating parameters were successfully determined. Within the concentration range of 0.003 to 1 mmol/L, nitrite detection exhibits linearity, having a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.001 mmol/L. Furthermore, a compact system is fashioned using test paper and smartphone technology for the instantaneous detection of nitrites in emergency response. The detection system is fully contained within a custom-built shell measuring 28 cm long, 18 cm wide, and 10 cm high. The NO2- concentration is visually discernible through a color change in the test paper, subsequent to microplasma jet treatment. Utilizing the built-in camera of a smartphone, photographs of the test paper are taken, and then the images are analyzed by visiting a website accessible via the smartphone. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1 mmol L-1 was found, employing a CL miniature detection system reliant on a test paper and a smartphone for measurement. This paper confirms the accuracy, reliability, and usability of the proposed method.Currently, a growing body of research demonstrates a correlation between the atypical expression of active molecules within cellular organelles and the onset of various diseases, necessitating the urgent development of tools to identify active molecules localized within specific organelles. Recognition receptors of most organelle-targeting probes, as currently developed, remain persistently active, resulting in simple reactions with analytes in the cytoplasm, thereby misleadingly assessing the analyte's role in physiological and pathological scenarios. Subsequently, a new strategy for designing probes that achieve high-precision imaging of the analyte in specific organelles is essential. We propose a novel strategy, activating recognition receptors triggered by the targeting organelles' microenvironment. This strategy resulted in the development of Lyso-SO2, a novel, lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe, to facilitate high-fidelity imaging of sulfur dioxide (SO2) within lysosomes. Activated by the lysosome's acidic interior, the inert probe then detects SO2 quickly (under 2 seconds) and precisely (LOD = 0.034 M). The features of the organelle microenvironment are leveraged by this paradigm, providing a promising method for producing high-fidelity imaging probes that target organelles.The acute necrosis of a segment of the heart muscle, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), arises from myocardial ischemia, a condition that significantly endangers human health and life security. The early detection of this condition presents a challenging diagnostic hurdle in the clinical realm. Scientific research has established that the irregular expression of microRNA-199a (miR-199a) and microRNA-499 (miR-499) is a significant factor in AMI disease. To create an extremely sensitive, self-powered, portable biosensor system for real-time visual monitoring, we harnessed the unique structural features of nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanospheres (N-HCNSs). This system relies on a dual-target miRNA-activated catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) for detecting miR-199a and miR-499. The system also incorporates a capacitor and a smartphone to improve its sensitivity and facilitate real-time, portable visual monitoring. Under precisely calibrated conditions, miR-199a and miR-499 display detection limits of 0.0031 aM and 0.0027 aM respectively, within a linear concentration range of 0.01 to 100,000 aM. Serum miRNA detection is carried out with ultra-sensitivity at the same time, and the recovery rates of miR-199a are 980-1060% (RSD 6-81%) and those of miR-499 are 940-1097% (RSD 18-77%). Real-time tracking and portable monitoring of pertinent diseases are facilitated by the method's simplicity, sensitivity, and usability.Analytical devices composed of paper (PADs) have drawn significant interest due to their economical production, straightforward fabrication process, and ease of transportation. For real-time, simultaneous detection of latent C. gloeosporioides infections in tomatoes, we suggest a novel paper-based device using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). For the RT-LAMP-based PAD platform, a paper substrate serves as the physical location for the DNA amplification reaction. Cellulose membrane (grade 4), from among the tested paper types, exhibited the capacity for effective visualization of the amplification results. The assay's selectivity for the latent stage of C. gloeosporioides was substantial, achieving a detection threshold of 0.5 pg of total extracted RNA. iap signal The developed assay delivered results in 40 minutes, thus enabling its practical application for identifying *C. gloeosporioides* in resource-limited environments.In the fight against type 2 diabetes (T2D), the development of efficient fluorescent methods for -glucosidase (-Glu) detection and -Glu inhibitor screening is crucial. From the seeds of the drought-tolerant Cyamposis tetragonolobus plant, a high-abundance, non-toxic natural polymer, guar gum (GG), was found to augment the fluorescence emission of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). Through the incorporation of GG at exceedingly low concentrations (fewer than 10 wt%), an emission enhancement effect was observed, exhibiting viscosity-dependent behavior stemming from an increase in solvent reorientation time and a reduction in intramolecular AuNC motions. The enhanced emission of the Au nanoclusters was quenched by Fe3+ via dynamic quenching and then reinvigorated by -Glu. As a result, a fluorimetric procedure was introduced for the determination of -Glu. The GG-enhanced fluorescence of the AuNCs probe enabled a detection limit of 0.13 U/L, encompassing a five-order-of-magnitude range from 0.2 to 4000 U/L, demonstrably surpassing other -Glu detection methods.