Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography revealed lower levels of D-serine in the hippocampus of SNI rats and that D-serine treatment could restore synaptic plasticity and cognitive dysfunction. The reduction of excitatory synapses was also increased by administering D-serine. These findings suggest that chronic pain has a critical effect on synaptic plasticity linked to cognitive function and may built up a new target for the development of cognitive impairment under chronic pain conditions.Secreted phospholipase A2 group IIa (sPLA2-IIa) has been shown to promote tumor genesis and cell proliferation. The properties of this group of enzymes are utilized in liposomal drug delivery of chemotherapy. see more sPLA2-IIa is also under investigation as a possible treatment target in itself, and as a prognostic marker. The expression of sPLA2-IIa in breast cancer has not been examined extensively, and never using immunohistochemistry. We sought to investigate the expression of sPLA2-IIa in a cohort of advanced breast cancer patients with correlation to known clinicopathologic risk factors and survival. Material from 525 breast cancer patients (426 primary tumors and 99 metastases or local recurrences) was examined for sPLA2-IIa expression using immunohistochemistry. Out of these, 262 showed expression of sPLA2-IIa. We found that there was no correlation to clinicopathologic characteristics, and no impact of sPLA2-IIa expression on prognosis. However, we found that a large proportion of patients in our study had high levels of sPLA2-IIa expression, and that sPLA2-IIa was equally expressed in primary tumors and metastases. These findings may be significant in the future development of liposomal drug delivery or targeted sPLA2-IIa treatment.OBJECTIVE The meaning of recovery from musculoskeletal injury is complex, and understanding recovery from whiplash may be particularly important given the chronic, often recalcitrant nature of the condition. Gaining a better understanding of recovery may also aid in the development and interpretation of future clinical trials. The aim of this study was to define the meaning of recovery from whiplash, and the factors influencing recovery, by exploring the perceptions of people with chronic whiplash, and their treating physiotherapists. METHOD This qualitative study was embedded within a larger randomized controlled trial, and consisted of semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted with 13 patient participants with chronic whiplash and seven physiotherapists. Patient participants were asked what recovery meant to them, and perceptions around barriers and facilitators to recovery were explored. Physiotherapists were also asked to share their beliefs on the meaning of recovery, and what they believe recovery means to their patients. RESULTS Both patient participants and physiotherapists perceived recovery to be defined within the themes of pain, function and emotional wellbeing. Patient participants also identified self-perception as important, whilst physiotherapists identified ownership on the part of the patient, and the multidimensional nature of recovery, including cultural values and beliefs, as important. Several themes relating to barriers and facilitators to recovery were also identified, and included personal and social characteristics and aspects of the therapeutic relationship. DISCUSSION Recovery is a multidimensional and complex construct. In addition to pain intensity and disability, measurement and conceptualization of recovery should focus on emotional wellbeing, self-perception, and the cultural values and beliefs of the individual. A positive therapeutic relationship, with attention to psychological and social influences, appears important in facilitating recovery and wellbeing.BACKGROUND Facial bony changes vary among races, yet few studies have been conducted in Asians. OBJECTIVE To analyze the aging of orbital and midfacial bones in Asians. METHODS Based on the two-dimensional data obtained from the computed tomography scanner of imaging department, 3D reconstructions were conducted to take measurements (orbital diagonal diameter, orbital width, orbital area, maxillary angle, midfacial height, pyriform angle, pyriform width, and pyriform area). RESULTS In this retrospective study of 261 subjects, a significant decrease in the orbital diagonal diameter, orbital width, and midfacial height was found in men, whereas women displayed a significant increase in the pyriform width and a significant decrease in maxillary angle and midfacial height by three-dimensional analysis. CONCLUSION This study verifies the minor female changes in the orbital region and less dramatic male changes in the midfacial region compared with that in Caucasians. Individualized treatment should be performed according to different genders and races. Further exploration of facial bone metabolism may have valuable implications for Asians.BACKGROUND A range of monophasic dermal fillers made of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HA) chains with reduced cross-linking was developed for aesthetic procedures. OBJECTIVE The efficacy, durability, and safety of 2 of these resilient HA (RHA) fillers, and their noninferiority to an effective HA comparator available in the United States, were tested in the treatment of dynamic facial wrinkles. METHODS A 15-month, prospective, multicenter, active-controlled, randomized, double-blinded, split-face clinical trial was carried out on 174 subjects presenting moderate-to-severe bilateral nasolabial folds (NLFs). Assessed parameters included improvement on a proprietary Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, according to Blind Live Evaluators, subjects, and treating investigators. Self-perception was evaluated with FACE-Q and satisfaction scales. RESULTS The per-protocol populations included 67 and 62 subjects of all Fitzpatrick skin-phototypes, in the 2 comparison groups. Significant improvement of mean WSRS scores and associated responder rates established the noninferiority of RHA fillers to their comparator, over 15 months. Aesthetic improvement and subject satisfaction were durably high, with no meaningful differences between the fillers. Treatments were safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSION The 2 RHA fillers are at least equivalent to a well-established comparator for the correction of NLF in subjects of diverse skin-phototypes.