Background and purpose Management of cryptogenic stroke involves the identification of modifiable risk factors, such as atrial fibrillation (AF). Extended rhythm monitoring increases AF detection rates but at an increased device cost compared with conventional Holter monitoring. The objective of the study was to identify and synthesize the existing literature on the cost-effectiveness of prolonged rhythm monitoring devices for AF detection in cryptogenic stroke. Methods We conducted a systematic review of available economic evaluations of prolonged ECG monitoring for AF detection following cryptogenic stroke compared with standard care. Results Of the 530 unique citations, 8 studies assessed the cost-utility of prolonged ECG monitoring compared with standard care following cryptogenic stroke. The prolonged ECG monitoring strategies included 7-day ambulatory monitoring, 30-day external loop recorders or intermittent ECG monitoring, and implantable loop recorders. The majority of cost-utility analyses reported incremental cost-effectiveness ratios below $50 000 per QALY gained; and two studies reported a cost-savings. Conclusions There is limited economic literature on the cost-effectiveness of extended ECG monitoring devices for detection of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke. In patients with cryptogenic stroke, extended ECG monitoring for AF detection may be economically attractive when traditional willingness-to-pay thresholds are adopted. However, there was substantial variation in the reported ICERs. The direct comparison of cost-effectiveness across technologies is limited by heterogeneity in modeling assumptions.Objective To explore and summarize (1) the existing digital health applications in mental health care (MHC) for immigrants and refugees and its outcomes; (2) how the ethical standards of digital health applications in MHC are implemented and reported; and (3) the challenges for scaling up digital health applications in MHC for immigrants and refugees. Methods This review adopted a rapid review methodology. Available literature was searched in three online databases January 1, 2005, to February 28, 2019. Studies were included if they (1) applied digital health technologies, (2) focused on immigrants, refugees, or asylum seekers without age and country limitation, (3) reported nonclinical and/or clinical outcomes, and (4) were published in English or Indonesian. Narrative synthesis was developed based on the data extraction and quality assessment. Results A total of 16 studies were reviewed that applied software, website, and videoconferencing technologies. These applications were applied in various stages of MHC (screening, assessment, diagnosis, and intervention). Participants reported satisfaction and positive attitudes toward applications of digital health in MHC, and positive improvement on their anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. However, the ethical standards of these digital health applications were poorly implemented and reported. 2,4-Thiazolidinedione in vivo Stigma toward mental disorders and lack of technology literacy were the main challenges in scaling up digital health applications for immigrants and refugees. Conclusion Digital health applications in MHC are promising innovations that can improve the wellbeing of immigrants and refugees. As these technologies expand, ethical standards of practice and reporting need to be improved in delivering scalable digital MHC for immigrants and refugees.Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is central to how clinicians and parents make choices about medical care for pediatric neurology patients. To provide parents with the information they need to make these decisions and plan for the future, it is necessary for parents and clinicians to understand how HRQOL is defined and measured in the setting of pediatric neurodevelopmental impairment. We review challenges that exist in measuring HRQOL in pediatric neurology, examine existing measures, and outline key principles to guide selection and interpretation of HRQOL measures in children with neurologic conditions.Background The heart failure (HF)-syndrome is associated with neuro-hormonal activation, chronic kidney disease (CKD), inflammation and alterations in the phosphorus-metabolism, all of which are involved in regulation of mineral bone density. However, the role of HF as an independent factor associated with metabolic bone disease (MBD) remains unclear.Methods HF-patients undergoing dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were matched in a 12 fashion against age and gender matched controls without HF, to determine the proportion of osteoporosis (T-score less then -2.5). HF-status was tested against known predictors of MBD. Correlation analysis and Z-score analysis were used to assess the impact of HF on age-related bone demineralisation.Results A total of 190 HF-patients (age = 80 ± 10 years, female = 61%) were age and gender matched to 380 controls. HF-patients had a higher proportion of osteoporosis (26 vs 17%; p = .007). HF patients had a lower averaged mineral bone density expressed in g/cm2 (p = .030), T-scores (p = .001) and Z-scores (p less then .001). After adjusting for the individual osteoporosis risk-factors of the FRAX-score, difference in baseline features, kidney function and phosphorus-metabolism alterations, heart failure remained independently associated with a lower averaged T-score (Adjusted β = -0.189; p = .017). Heart failure was associated with an accelerated age-related decline in mineral bone density (p = .0418). Therapies with ACE-I or ARBs and beta-blockers associated with ameliorated bone demineralisation (p = .023, respectively p = .029), while loop diuretic associated with worsened bone demineralization (p less then .001).Conclusion Heart failure independently associates with MBD and higher prevalence of osteoporosis. Heart failure aggravates the aged related loss in mineral bone density while treatment with neuro-hormonal blockers seemed to ameliorate this finding.We formulate a deterministic epidemic model for the spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). We have included asymptomatic, quarantine and isolation compartments in the model, as studies have stressed upon the importance of these population groups on the transmission of the disease. We calculate the basic reproduction number [Formula see text] and show that for [Formula see text] the disease dies out and for [Formula see text] the disease is endemic. Using sensitivity analysis we establish that [Formula see text] is most sensitive to the rate of quarantine and isolation and that a high level of quarantine needs to be maintained as well as isolation to control the disease. Based on this we devise optimal quarantine and isolation strategies, noting that high levels need to be maintained during the early stages of the outbreak. Using data from the Wuhan outbreak, which has nearly run its course we estimate that [Formula see text] which while in agreement with other estimates in the literature is on the lower side.