All studies reported significant changes in the abundances of specific bacterial/archaea groups and bacteria-related metabolites following interventions. In conclusion, physical activity (regardless of specific characteristics) has significant contribution to gut microbiome composition and associated metabolites. There are no current recommendations for physical activity to promote gut microbiome composition. Future studies should focus on the contribution of current recommended physical activity dose to gut microbiome composition.Biology is rich in claims that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are involved in every biological process and disease. However, many quantitative aspects of redox biology remain elusive. The important quantitative parameters you need to address the feasibility of redox reactions in vivo are rate of formation and consumption of a reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, half-life, diffusibility and membrane permeability. In the first part, we explain the basic chemical kinetics concepts and algebraic equations required to perform "street fighting" quantitative analysis. In the second part, we provide key numbers to help thinking about sizes, concentrations, rates and other important quantities that describe the major oxidants (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide) and antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione). In the third part, we present the quantitative effect of exercise on superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide concentration in mitochondria and whole muscle and calculate how much hydrogen peroxide concentration needs to increase to transduce signalling. By taking into consideration the quantitative aspects of redox biology we can i) refine the broad understanding of this research area, ii) design better future studies and facilitate comparisons among studies, and iii) define more efficiently the "borders" between cellular signaling and stress.We aimed to determine whether basal concentrations of testosterone, cortisol or the ratio testosterone/cortisol were related to sweat Na+ loss, sweat Na+ concentration ([Na+]) and sweat rate during exercise. Twenty-two female elite soccer players participated in the study. Testosterone and cortisol were measured in blood samples before exercise. Sweat samples were collected during a training session (~20°C, ~30% RH, and ~0.55 m/s of wind speed) to measure sweat [Na+]. Sweat rate was determined by considering the difference between post-and pre-body weight, along with the amount of liquid consumed. During exercise, sweat Na+ loss (0.33[0.19] g/h) and sweat rate (0.49[0.20] L/h) were related to basal testosterone concentration (1.4[0.4] pg/mL) (r=0.54; r=0.55, respectively; p0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that in these specific environmental conditions, basal levels of testosterone might increase sweat rate and therefore, the amount of Na+ lost during exercise in elite women soccer players.Telepathology has experienced enormous growth over the last two decades due to significant advances in IT and has led to the introduction of innovative solutions for digital imaging in ophthalmology. Whole Slide Imaging (WSI), where conventional glass slides are fully scanned, offers a wide range of applications, including remote (conciliary) diagnostics, second opinions, (remote) teaching and research and presentation. In addition to qualified and experienced personnel, a comparatively expensive basic equipment has so far also been an essential requirement. find more The focus ophthalmology at the Eye Centre in Freiburg is able to involve a de facto unlimited number of users and consulting partners (also overseas) in the digital microscopy of identical sections independent of location, device and time. This is done simply by using the internet. This procedure has proven to be very successful and opens up completely new avenues, not only for correct diagnosis (clinical-pathological correlation), but also for education and training. Preparation and distribution of further histological slides in addition to the scanned slide is not required for small specimens with scant material, for example, nor is it necessary to purchase microscopes for the participants if funds are lacking or the infrastructure is unsuitable. When dealing with transferring data, it is essential to comply with data protection regulations.Introduction Special Olympics Germany is the German association of the largest global movement to provide year-round sports training and athletic competition in a variety of Olympic-type sports for children and adults with intellectual and multiple disabilities. We offered all participants ophthalmological screening during the event in Offenburg, Baden-Württemberg, in 2017 as part of the health programme "Open Eyes - Better Vision". Methods A team of optometrists took medical histories, examined refraction status, visual acuity, colour vision and orthoptic status. Four experienced physicians in training and specialists from the Eye Centre, University of Freiburg, performed slit-lamp examinations, funduscopy and eye pressure measurements. Dilated funduscopy and OCT were also performed, as necessary. Results In total, we screened 166 persons (48% female = 80; 52% male = 86). The cover test was abnormal in about 45% (distant) and 47% (near) of patients, respectively. Six and 11% of patients, respectively, compla refraction compensation, ophthalmological monitoring of the Special Olympics eye program "Opening Eyes - Better Vision" seems to be an efficient mean for improving healthcare in this vulnerable group.Study aims Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the fibularis longus and tibialis anterior muscles were performed intraoperatively during nerve decompression (ND) of the common fibular nerve (CFN) in patients with symptomatic diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy. Patient demographics and clinical attributes were compared against changes in EMG after ND and analyzed for possible correlations. Methods Intraoperative changes in CFN EMG were analyzed for correlations against sex, age, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (A1c), and type and duration of diabetes. Results Statistically significant changes were found between EMG changes and patient attributes, but no individual correlations were established. Significant EMG improvement was observed for both men and women (p 6.4%; p less then 0.0001). Conclusion Although long-term clinical studies are needed, these results provide insight into which patients might benefit most from this surgery. These results also suggest that surgical ND can produce an acute improvement in nerve function for both men and women, for people with type 1 and 2 diabetes, and across a wide range of ages, BMI, A1c levels, and disease duration.