The preventive GSPE treatment decreased DSS-induced TEER loss (20-32%), FD4 permeation (66-73%) and TNF-α release (22-33%) of the proximal colon dose-dependently. The distal colon was not responsive to the preventive treatment but showed a reduction in IL-1β release below basal levels with the highest GSPE concentration. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate potential preventive effects of GSPE on human colon dysfunction. Further studies are required to test whether administering GSPE could be a complementary therapeutic approach in colonic dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders and inflammatory bowel disease.AIMS Anastomotic leakage is one of the most worrisome complications in colorectal surgery. An expert meeting was organized to discuss and find a consensus on various aspects of the surgical management of colorectal disease with a possible impact on anastomotic leakage. METHODS A three-step Delphi-method was used to find consensus recommendations. RESULTS Strong consensus was achieved for the use of mechanical bowel preparation and oral antibiotics prior to colorectal resections, the abundance of non-selective NSAIDs, the preoperative treatment of severe iron deficiency anemia, and for attempting to improve the patients' general performance in the case of frailty. Concerning technical aspects of rectal resection, there was a strong consensus in regard to routinely mobilizing the splenic flexure, to dividing the inferior mesenteric vein, and to using air leak tests to check anastomotic integrity. There was also a strong consensus on not to oversew the stapled anastomoses routinely, to use protective ileostomies for low rectal and intersphincteric, but not for high-rectal anastomoses. Furthermore, a consensus was reached in regard to using CT-scans with rectal contrast enema to evaluate suspected anastomotic leakage as well as measuring C-reactive protein routinely to monitor the postoperative course after colorectal resections. No consensus was found concerning the indication and technique for testing bowel perfusion, the routine use of endoscopy to check the integrity of the anastomosis, the placement of transanal drains for rectal anastomoses and the management of anastomotic leakage with peritonitis. CONCLUSION Consensus could be found for several practice details in the perioperative management in colorectal surgery that might have an influence on anastomotic leakage.Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative alpha-proteobacterium that has diverse effects on reproduction of arthropod hosts, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, male killing, feminization, and parthenogenesis. Some of these effects have important potential for control of insect pests, including mosquitoes that vector pathogens of humans. In mosquitoes, and in most other arthropods, elimination of Wolbachia by antibiotic treatment has no effect on host survival and reverses the Wolbachia-associated phenotype. Elimination of Wolbachia strain wFol, which enables parthenogenetic reproduction of the Collembolan, Folsomia candida, would result in population extinction. However, F. candida adults remain viable and resume reproduction when antibiotics are removed, suggesting that wFol survives antibiotic treatment in a quiescent persister state similar to that induced by chromosomally encoded toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules in free-living bacteria. Computational approaches were used to document the presence of antitoxin genes upstream of Wolbachia RelE/ParE, Fic, and AbiEii toxin genes. Moreover, this analysis revealed that Wolbachia RatA toxin is encoded by a single copy gene associated with an ssrS noncoding RNA gene. Documentation of potentially functional TA modules expands our understanding of the metabolic capabilities of Wolbachia, and provides an explanation for variable and sometimes contradictory results of antibiotic treatments. The presence of chromosomal TA modules in Wolbachia genomes suggests that wFol, and potentially other strains of Wolbachia, can enter a quiescent persister state.Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality. PATP was provided in experimental trials to decrease the venous thromboembolism (VTE), with ultimate aim to improve overall survival (OS). We undertook an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the impact of PATP with LMWHs on OS and VTE in patients with LC. 5443 patients with LC from nine RCTs were included. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 1.02 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.26; P = 0.83) and for progression or metastasis-free survival was 1.03 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.24; P = 0.74). The pooled risk ratio (RR) for VTE was 0.54 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.69; P  less then  0.00001) and the risk difference (RD) was-0.03 (- 0.05 to - 0.02; P  less then  0.00001). Our analysis showed no survival advantage with the addition of PATP with LMWHs to standard chemotherapy in patients with LC, regardless of histology or stages of small cell LC.PURPOSE To examine the impact of lactation on the recurrence rate of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS Retrospective cohort study performed in a single teaching hospital on data between 2009 and 2016. The study group consisted of women who had a diagnosis of GDM and breastfed exclusively for ≥ 1 month. The control group consisted of women who had a diagnosis of GDM and did not breastfeed or added formula  less then  1 month postpartum. Data regarding breastfeeding duration, timing and amount of formula supplementation were obtained by a telephone questionnaire. We hypothesized that the recurrence of GDM would be lower in women who breastfed exclusively for ≥ 1 month. Therefore, to detect a decrease from 50 to 30% in the recurrence rate of GDM with alpha (one-sided) of 0.05 and 80% power, a sample size of 168 (84 per group) was needed. RESULTS Overall, 229 women were found eligible; 139 and 90 in the study and control groups, respectively. Except for parity, baseline demographic and obstetric variables were not different between the two groups. selleckchem After adjusting for parity, the incidence of GDM in subsequent pregnancy was significantly lower among the study compared to the control group [48 (34.5%) and 41 (45.6%), respectively; one-tailed p = 0.043; RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.35-0.90)]. The cesarean delivery (CD) rate was significantly lower as well [28 (20.1%) and 31 (34.4%), respectively; two-tailed p = 0.02; RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.89)]. CONCLUSION Exclusive lactation for ≥ 1 month reduced the recurrence rate of GDM and possibly the risk of CD in the subsequent pregnancy.