A high proportion of individuals with HIV infection currently are diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease (late presenters), increasing their risk for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). IRIS typically occurs within 6 months of initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with low CD4+ cell counts and can occur before any marked elevation in CD4+ count is achieved on ART. In addition to low CD4+ count at ART initiation, 2 other major clinical predictors of IRIS are preexisting opportunistic infection (including subclinical infection) and shorter treatment period for opportunistic infection prior to starting ART. Mycobacterial infection-associated IRIS, including tuberculosis (TB)-associated IRIS, and cryptococcal infection-associated IRIS are the most common forms of the syndrome. Corticosteroid prophylaxis and early treatment can be effective in reducing incidence of TB-IRIS and severity of symptoms in select patients. Sterilization of the cerebrospinal fluid should be achieved prior to starting ART in patients with TB meningitis and cryptococcal meningitis. This article summarizes a presentation by Irini Sereti, MD, MHS, at the International Antiviral Society-USA (IAS-USA) continuing education program held in Washington, DC, in April 2019.Effective antiretroviral therapy has extended life expectancy for individuals with HIV. Estimates from 2015 indicate that 47% of persons with HIV in the US were older than 50 years of age and 16% were older than 65 years. These older patients are at increased risk of age-related diseases and conditions. Further, there is substantial evidence that patients with HIV infection accumulate age-related conditions earlier than do those in the general population. There is risk for increased comorbidities and polypharmacy in the aging HIV-infected population. Specific measures for assessing and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and other age-related conditions in the aging HIV population are needed. This article summarizes a presentation by Judith A. Aberg, MD, at the International Antiviral Society-USA (IAS-USA) annual continuing education program held in Chicago, Illinois, in May 2019.Therapeutic vaccines and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) represent potential approaches to antiretroviral-free treatment of HIV. Although therapeutic vaccines have been able to produce transient reductions in viral load during analytic treatment interruptions (ATIs), thus far none has been able to induce long-term remission. Pairing with latency reversal agents and immune modulators may improve vaccine efficacy. The bNAbs are investigated as a promising approach to achieving durable virologic control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Combinations of antibodies are necessary for increasing overall breadth and potency of coverage and preventing emergence of resistance. The next generation of antibodies includes engineered bispecific and trispecific antibodies that target 2 or 3 independent viral sites. This article is based on a presentation by Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk, MD, MPH, at the International Antiviral Society-USA (IAS-USA) continuing education program held in New York in March 2019.Achieving a cure for HIV remains a priority in HIV research. Two cases of 'sterilizing cure' have been observed-in Timothy Ray Brown and the "London" patient; both patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from donors homozygous for the CCR5-delta 32 deletion, which impairs function of an HIV coreceptor on host cells. Other strategies that have been evaluated for achieving sterilizing cure or functional cure--ie, sustained virologic remission in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-include HSCT with wild-type CC chemokine receptor (CCR5); early ART to limit size of the HIV latent reservoir; shock and kill strategies using latency reversing agents and/or anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies; and gene therapy, including attempts to modify CCR5 genes, HIV proviruses in autologous host cells, or enhanced T cells. This article summarizes a presentation by Jonathan Li, MD, MMSc, at the International Antiviral Society-USA (IAS-USA) continuing education program held in Atlanta, Georgia, in March 2019.BACKGROUND The visual pathway is commonly involved in multiple sclerosis (MS), even in its early stages, including clinical episodes of optic neuritis (ON). The long-term structural damage within the visual compartment in patients with ON, however, is yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to characterize visual system structure abnormalities using MRI along with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) depending on a single history of ON. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with clinically definitive MS, either with a history of a single ON (HON) or without such history and normal VEP findings (NON), were included. OCT measures comprised OCT-derived peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness. Cortical and global gray and white matter, thalamic, and T2 lesion volumes were assessed using structural MRI. Diffusion-weighted MRI-derived measures included fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), radial (RD), and axial (AD) diffusivity within the optic radiation (OR). Riluzole datasheet RESULTS Mean (SD) duration after ON was 8.3 (3.7) years. Compared with the NON group, HON patients showed significant RNFL (p = 0.01) and GCIPL thinning (p = 0.002). OR FA (p = 0.014), MD (p = 0.005), RD (p = 0.007), and AD (p = 0.004) were altered compared with NON. Global gray and white as well as other regional gray matter structures did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION A single history of ON induces long-term structural damage within the retina and OR suggestive of both retrograde and anterograde neuroaxonal degeneration. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) encompass a diverse group of genetic diseases characterized by loss of muscle functionality. Despite extensive efforts to develop therapies, no curative treatment exists for any of the NMDs. For multiple disorders, however, therapeutic strategies are currently being tested in clinical settings, and the first successful treatments have now entered clinical practice (e.g. spinraza for spinal muscular atrophy). Successful clinical translation depends on the quality and translatability of preclinical findings and on the predictive value of the experimental models used in their initial development. This Special Issue of Disease Models & Mechanisms has a particular focus on translational research for NMDs. The collection includes original research focusing on advances in the development of novel in vitro and in vivo models, broader understanding of disease pathology and progression, and approaches to modify the disease course in these models. We also present a series of special articles and reviews that highlight our understanding of cellular mechanisms, biomarkers to tract disease pathology, the diversity of mouse models for NMDs, the importance of high-quality preclinical studies and data validation, and the pitfalls of successfully moving a potential therapeutic strategy to the clinic.