The co-occurrence of hypoxia and xenobiotics is extremely common in natural environments, highlighting the necessity to elicit their interaction on aquatic toxicities. In the present study, marine medaka embryos were exposed to various concentrations (nominal 0, 1, 3.3 and 10 mg/L) of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), an environmental pollutant of emerging concern, under either normoxia (6.9 mg/L) or hypoxia (1.7 mg/L) condition. After acute exposure till 15 days post-fertilization, single or combined toxicities of PFBS and hypoxia on embryonic development (e.g., mortality, hatching and heartbeat) and endocrine systems were investigated. Sex and thyroid hormones were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Transcriptional changes of endocrine genes were determined by quantitative real-time PCR assays. Co-exposure to 10 mg/L PFBS and hypoxia caused a further reduction in survival rate and heart beat compared to single exposure. PFBS induced a precocious hatching, while no larvae hatched under hypoxia coent results would be beneficial to improve our understanding about their interactive mechanisms and provide baseline evidences for accurate ecological risk evaluation. Heat alters colour and crystallinity of teeth by destruction of the organic content and inducing hydroxyapatite crystal growth. The colour and crystallite changes can be quantified using spectrophotometric and x-ray diffraction analyses, however these analyses are not commonly used in combination to evaluate burned dental remains. In this study, thirty-nine teeth were incinerated at 300-1000 °C for 15 and 30 min and then measured using a spectrophotometer and an x-ray diffractometer. Response variables used were lightness, L*, and chromaticity a* and b* and luminance (whiteness and yellowness) for colour, and crystal size for crystallinity. Statistical analysis to determine the attribution of these variables revealed yellowness and crystal size were significantly affected by temperature (p less then 0.05), whilst duration of heat-exposure showed no significant effect. This study suggests the inclusion of both spectrophotometric and x-ray diffraction in investigating thermal-heated teeth is useful to accurately estimate the temperature teeth are exposed to. BACKGROUND Recently the number of new psychoactive substances have significantly increased, becoming popular among experienced users of designer drugs. A significant group includes benzodiazepine derivatives, which have not been introduced as medications but are abused by people experimenting with new and classical psychoactive substances. CASE PRESENTATION The aim of this paper was to present the case of a clonazolam ingestion by a person who was not habituated to benzodiazepines. The intake caused only prolonged coma, decreased muscle tone, and deep tendon reflexes without any other concomitant toxicity and cardio-respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS Clonazolam concentrations in patient's blood, measured three times were 0.077 mg/L, 0.015 mg/L, 0.009 mg/L after 4, 8 and 12 h, respectively. Clonazolam's human toxicity has not been well established, so any case of poisoning should be closely monitored. V.Speed estimation by video analysis has been an increasingly common method for obtaining the speed of vehicles involved in traffic accidents. Generally, the estimate is based on reference measurements obtained on site or on measurements calculated by photogrammetric techniques. In this work, we proposed an alternative method for estimating the speed of a vehicle with longitudinal trajectory relative to the camera, either approaching it or moving away from it. The method uses the "image scale factor in pixels" to calculate the distance from the vehicle to the camera in different video frames, thus allowing the estimation of a vehicle's average speed. The results were verified by means of a simulation, with a vehicle moving at known speeds. The small deviation obtained supports the forensic use of the method in speed estimation by video analysis. BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors have increasingly been linked to bullous pemphigoid, but there is paucity of data from India where about 1.85 million patients have been estimated to use these drugs. selleck compound METHODS In 30,000 patients with T2DM seen by us in two tertiary care centres since 2015, we detected 13 cases of bullous pemphigoid linked to DPP4 inhibitors. We used WHO-UMC (World Health Organisation-Uppsala Monitoring Centre) causality assessment system for assessment. RESULTS Lesions of bullous pemphigoid appeared at varied intervals (within 1 weeks-2 years) after start of DPP4 inhibitors. Implicated drugs were Linagliptin (n, 8), Vildagliptin (n, 4) and Sitagliptin (n, 1). Mostly, lesions were seen after 60 years age, and over trunk and extremities. Skin biopsy was compatible with bullous pemphigoid in two patients. Lesions regressed within a month of stopping DPP4 inhibitors in 9 patients while delayed regression up to 6 months in 4 patients. Overall, skin lesions remitted in all patients and did not recur. CONCLUSION Any new bullous lesion appearing while patient is on DPP4 inhibitors should be considered as bullous pemphigoid and should necessitate prompt withdrawal of the drug. Glyoxylic acid (GA) is the intermediate metabolite in various mammalian metabolic pathways. GA showed high reactivity towards formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs); the main cause of pathogenesis and complications of many diseases. The presented study aimed to detect GA in healthy and cardiovascular patients' (CV) sera; however analysis of GA in biological fluid is a challenge and requires chemical derivatization. Hence, a new, highly sensitive, time saving and reproducible pre-column fluorescence derivatization procedure coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed. The derivatization method was based on reaction of 2-aminobenzenthiol (2-ABT), a fluorogenic reagent, with GA in acidic medium to form highly fluorescent thiazine derivative (290 and 390 nm for excitation and emission wavelengths respectively). The fluorescent derivative was separated within 6 min on a reversed-phase ODS column using an isocratic elution with a mixture of methanol-water (7030, v/v%).